Nueva decisión judicial sobre acceso de solicitantes a asilo en Estados Unidos
- Uncategorized
- May 26, 2023
¿Qué está pasando desde que terminó el Título 42?
En noviembre de 2020, Sidley Austin LLP, presentó un escrito de amicus curiae en apoyo de una impugnación del programa Permanecer en México (o MPP) en un tribunal federal de California.
El MPP, que fue promulgado durante la administración de Trump e implementado de forma modificada por la administración de Biden hasta el verano de 2022, requería que algunas personas que buscaban asilo en la frontera sur de los EE. UU. esperaran en México mientras tramitaban sus solicitudes, a menudo en situaciones peligrosas y sin acceso a vivienda y alimentación o apoyo legal. La impugnación judicial, presentada en nombre de los solicitantes de asilo cuyos casos habían sido terminados o a quienes se les había ordenado retirar durante el programa de la administración Trump, argumentó que el MPP violó su derecho a buscar asilo, acceder a un abogado y a una audiencia completa y justa sobre su solicitudes de asilo. Le pidieron a la corte un fallo que les permitiera ingresar a los Estados Unidos para buscar asilo de manera significativa. La administración de Biden solicitó que se desestimara el caso, alegando que el MPP es legal, incluso si sus beneficios como política fueran superados por los costos.
En marzo de 2023, el juez Jesús Bernal del Tribunal de Distrito de los EE. UU. para el Distrito Central de California dictaminó que el MPP es ilegal e incluyó una sección en su decisión que afirma el argumento presentado en el informe de Sydney y Austin sobre el requisito legal de manejar todas las solicitudes de asilo en una manera uniforme. “El trato diferencial de las personas sujetas a MPP es una teoría plausible para alegar la violación de [este] principio de uniformidad”, escribe el juez Bernal. La decisión tiene implicaciones no solo para la política de Permanecer en México, sino también para la prohibición de asilo de entrada y tránsito propuesta por la administración de Biden y la política de asilo de EE. UU. en general.
¿Qué significa esto para la legalidad de la prohibición de asilo propuesta por la administración Biden?
La nueva regulación propuesta por la administración Biden trataría a las personas que solicitan asilo después de cruzar entre puertos de entrada de manera diferente a otros solicitantes de asilo, suponiendo que no son elegibles para asilo. Es solo una de las muchas políticas que la administración de Biden tiene o está considerando implementar que trata a los solicitantes de asilo de manera diferente por razones que no están relacionadas con los méritos de sus reclamos de persecución.
Nos estamos alejando de cualquier sentido de igualdad y uniformidad en el trato de los solicitantes de asilo y hacia un sistema que es discriminatorio y arbitrario y muy alejado de la consideración de los derechos de los propios solicitantes de asilo.
Algunos solicitantes de asilo que ingresan por la frontera pueden ser enviados a las prisiones de ICE y algunos pueden decidir sus solicitudes mientras están bajo la custodia de CBP. Esto dependería en parte de la disponibilidad del espacio de detención y haría mucho menos probable que los solicitantes de asilo procesados allí tuvieran acceso a un abogado. Otros pueden ser elegibles, según su nacionalidad, para un programa especial de libertad condicional para ingresar a través de un aeropuerto de los Estados Unidos y luego solicitar asilo. Aunque otros, de esas mismas nacionalidades, pueden no serlo porque no tienen pasaporte válido o patrocinador en los Estados Unidos.
La administración Biden también está negociando con México y Canadá con respecto a qué grupos de personas desplazadas deben mantener fuera y aceptar, dando poca consideración a las personas desplazadas individuales en el asunto.
Lo que falta pero se necesita urgentemente en este momento, tanto de la administración como del Congreso, es una conversación honesta sobre cómo el gobierno federal debería trabajar con gobiernos extranjeros, con organizaciones internacionales, con gobiernos estatales y locales y con ONG para brindar a todos los solicitantes de asilo un proceso justo y humano para buscar protección.
¿Debería Estados Unidos dar prioridad a ciertos reclamantes?
Si es así, ¿por qué? Las medidas disuasorias arbitrarias en aras de desviar a las personas desplazadas por la fuerza a otros lugares evitan enfrentarse a una de las mayores cuestiones morales y problemas sociales de nuestro siglo.
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